Fluid Dynamics and Universe

Hakan Eğne

Dokuz Eylul University, 35100 Bornova / Izmir Turkey

e-mail: hegne_tr@yahoo.com

Abstract 

In fluid mediums, two different structures emerge resulting from the cumulative motion of particles that constitute the fluid. One is wave and the other is vortex. The waves have an undoubtedly crucial place in modern physics, but vortex behavior has never been a subject to it. Vortex and subatomic particle behavior have really interesting similarities and those are discussed in this very article.

The Quantum Field

All subatomic particles an their interactions occur as a result of the quantum field’s regional condensation. The quantum field which could be defined as pure energy establishes the dough of all particles. As Albert Einstein stated: “We shall assume the matter as extremely dense space regions. In this new physics understanding, neither field nor the matter can be considered separately. Because here, ‘field’ is the only reality.”

Fluid Dynamics, Field and Particle Relationship

Assume that the quantum field is super fluid medium (imagine that the space is made up of this field), forgetting all concepts we know about classical and modern physics (gravity, electrical charges, etc.).

Up until now, fluid mediums’ wave forms has been examined, experiments and investigations have been concentrated on wave properties and relationships have been established or tried to establish between modern physics and wave properties. But a second property of fluid mediums is “vortexes” which have been missed or neglected.

The word “vortex” usually brings an image like seen on the left hand side in mind. This vision only shows the internal flows of the vortex. When vortexes are taken into account with all of its internal and external flows a particle image emerges as seen on the right hand side.

When we try to consider vortex as a whole in classical physics aspect, it will appear as physical particle which has momentum, mass, velocity and such properties. But when we try to examine the structure of the vortex in the same aspect, only that we will get is some regional densities and different momentum distributions coming along. There will be no solid particle like in classical physics anymore. The particle (vortex) is nothing more than the field itself which consists of flows.

Classical and modern physics begin to part here. A particle obeying classical physics at super atomic level is a field obeying modern physics at subatomic levels. The quote from Einstein mentioned above describes such particle. In other words, when the super fluid medium (space) takes an orderly form at a certain region (condenses) and flourishes a circulation, it forms matter.

Vortexes are condensation or storage of flows’ energy in certain regions, in fact. This stored energy also forms the basic particles which are the basics of matter. In other words, a particle is formed as in the E = mc² equation. The transition from pure energy state to an energy-matter state at the Big-Bang moment can only be explained like this.

Resonance particles which are unstable and have an high energy, appear in very short time intervals in quantum labs, and they can be considered as vortexes formed resulting from the collision of different flows. Such events can also be observed in everyday life. Interactions of air streams may cause vortexes of different size and lifetime. Vortexes are beings which are not object, but we feel their effect as they are object. They appear and vanish in certain time intervals.

Figure a) azimuhtal velocity of a vortex. Figure b) vorticity w(r) and pressure (P-P0) profile of the velocity profile (Fig.a). Figure a) is also used for radial distribution function of electronic charges. Figure b) is also graph of electron density distribution.
Source: http://www.europhysicsnews.com/full/19/article5/article5.html

Electrons are not particles circling around the nucleus and found in a single point at a time, but are structures which can be in several places at the same moment and cover the nucleus like a cloud.

Let’s examine different forms of vortex from the topological aspect. Different forms of vortex caused by external effects are shown below. They are all equivalent topologically. Blue arrows indicate directions of internal and external flows which are in opposite directions, as seen in the figures.

Internal and external flows	Figure 1	Figure 2	Figure 3
	Figure 4	Figure 5	Figure 6

The figures above can also be seen at structures which furnish the formation of electron orbitals. Some sample sketches of s, p, d, f, and g orbitals taken from University of Sheffield are shown below. It is obvious that the orbitals shown below would be formed using the above structures. ( Ex: 2p from Figure 2, 3d from Figure 4-6 )

s orbitals (7s)	p orbitals (2p - 7p)		d orbitals (3d)		d orbitals (7d)
d orbitals (7d)	f orbitals  (4f)		f orbitals  (7f)
g orbitals  (5g)			g orbitals  (7g)

( Source : http://www.shef.ac.uk/chemistry/orbitron/ )
 

In every sketch, orbitals are shown in different colors which represent positive and negative energy levels. If we think these orbitals as vortexes, such colorization can be used to indicate two different vortexes having opposite spins.

1- Vortexes of same spin, merge (merging). The merging process is shown step by step, on the right hand side..

2- Vortexes of opposite spin, stick together as a gravity exists between them without alternating their structure. The reason of this phenomenon is the fact that pressure decreases as the fluid’s velocity increases. Because flows of same spin correspond between vortexes of opposite spin, the flow velocity becomes relatively high, therefore the pressure between two vortexes becomes lower than other regions. And this establishes a virtual bond between two vortexes pulling them to each other. 4f orbital is shown on the left. Interactions between vortexes of opposite spin are displayed in 3D, here. Red and green arrows indicate spins while blue arrows indicate internal and external flow directions. It can be seen that flows of same direction superpose between vortexes of opposite spin. Orbitals stay together without spoiling each other because of interactions of vortexes having opposite spins. Some samples of s, p, d, f, orbitals are shown on the right. Blue and red colors represent different spins. You may examine interactions between vortexes of opposite spins. Because internal and external flows of vortexes are in opposite directions, the direction of red sphere’s internal flow is same with the direction of blue sphere’s external flow. Therefore, no opposition of flow direction occurs between matroska style spheres.

You may get more information about vortex structures and interactions at http://www.fluid.tue.nl/
 

Molecular Orbital Theory and Chemical Bonds

There are two kinds of molecular orbital (MO) : bonding and anti bonding.

 s Orbitals

Formation of an H₂ molecule by two H atoms having 1s orbital is shown, on the left. Anti bonding (σ*)  molecular orbital is formed between two opposite s orbitals (1s-1s) (interaction of two vortexes having opposite spins). Bonding (σ)  molecular orbitals is formed between two 1s orbitals having the same direction (1s+1s) (interaction of two vortexes having the same spin [merging]).

 p Orbitals

When p_x orbitals are positioned end to end as seen in the figure on the left, two kinds of molecular orbital form again. Anti bonding (σ*) (top) and bonding (σ) (bottom). Interactions of two vortexes having opposite spins, anti bonding molecular orbitals, and interactions of two vortexes having the same spin, bonding molecular orbitals can be observed here, too.

Again on the left, two kinds of molecular orbital (π) is shown, formed when two p_y orbitals come side by side. Four vortexes having opposite spin form anti bonding molecular orbitals (π*). Two vortexes spinning clockwise and other two vortexes spinning counter clockwise merges and forms bonding orbitals (π) or in other words pi bonds.

Some Serial Molecules

B₂, C₂, N₂, O₂, F₂ molecules are shown below, respectively. Electronic configurations of B, C, N, O, F end at 2p¹, 2p², 2p³, 2p⁴, 2p⁵ orbitals respectively. Lines and dotted lines indicate positive and negative energy levels (Figures are shown as crossectional area of the molecules).

(Source: http://www.chemistry.mcmaster.ca/esam/Chapter_7/section_2.html)

In the transition stage between B₂ to F₂, Region II is pushed towards the center of the molecule as Region I grows larger and so, Region II puts some pressure on Region III. In O₂ molecule, a part of Region III detaches, in F₂ molecule, this part attaches to Region I. Besides, the parted Region II is reunited in F₂ molecule. Molecule structures follow a sequence.

Gradual transitions between B₂, C₂, N₂, O₂, F₂ molecules has been shown above. The “amount” of energy increases in the sequence which is convenient according to the basic concept of the quantum theory.

Fluid mediums consist of small particles moving independently (e.g. water, H₂O relationship). These particles are called point particles. Elementary particles (vortexes) do not exist independently, but exist with/by events and actions. In other words, it is a cumulative system formed by the circulation of point particles in the same region. Point particles and their kinetic energy constitutes an elementary particle.

High energy physics experiments has shown that the world of particles has a dynamic structure and a particle can transform into some other particle. This condition is also a characteristic of particles (vortexes) formed in fluid mediums. According to the findings of quantum mechanics, particles consist of energy (motion). Particles can be transformed completely into energy as energy can transformed into particles. As we have said before, point particles and their kinetic energy constitutes an elementary particle. Without motion, particle (vortex) can not exist. As mentioned in special relativity theory, the relationship between space (field) and time (action, kinetic energy) can be seen here.

Vortexes in the Relativity Aspect

Special Relativity

Let’s examine an elementary particle moving, relative to a point. When the elementary particle is stationary, point particles constituting the elementary particle circulates around a certain region. But while the elementary particles moves from point A to point B, that motion will be added to the circulatory motion of point particles, therefore as the relative velocity to the stationary reference point increases, elementary particles turn into wave motion. This is shown in the representative figure on the left.

It is known that, in fluid mediums, waves move at constant velocities. The maximum velocity of an elementary particle while traveling between point A to point B is equal to the wave velocity in the fluid medium. Because while the elementary particle accelerates to this velocity, it will shift to wave form from particle form. This particle acquires both wave and particle properties. This elementary particle will become a virtual particle, in other words, it will become half wave, half particle.

When velocity vector of the virtual particle at wave velocity (Vmax) is examined, it is realized that there will no other vector available to add. Because the total vector of these two velocity vectors (Vmax, Vx) will give grant the maximum velocity, in other words, wave velocity, which is not possible. Therefore, the virtual particle shall only have one velocity vector (Vmax).

Let’s assume a small system consist of particles moving together at wave speed. And let’s assume, there is an imaginary observer traveling along with these particles. This observer will observe that any particle in the system does not move. Because all particles travel at wave velocity, they will not be able to have another velocity vector and their velocity will be zero relative to the observer. This means a system which is not moving, in other words a system in which the time has stopped.

In order to move system element, we must decrease the velocity. Elements of the system will be able to have a second velocity vector as moved away from the maximum speed. In this case, the observer will see the system in motion. This means, time speeds up as we move slower than the wave speed; from the reverse point of view, as we approach to the wave speed, time slows down and stops at the wave speed. Assume that wave speed as the speed of light.

Further, group velocity and phase velocity relationship used in the calculation of speed of light, is similar to point particle and elementary particle relationship. Another point which shall not be forgotten is, nobody has been able to explain why the speed of light must be constant.

General Relativity and Gravity

There is a symmetry of force in disordered fluid mediums. In other words, same force (pressure) is applied to a body in every direction which is in a fluid medium. Vortexes occurring in such disorder are orderly formed structures consist of circulation of flows at a certain point or area. Orderly structures formed in chaotic fluid mediums not only constitute elementary particles, but also cause pressure differences and form gravitational forces since they cause symmetry broken in the aspect of force. (Ex : Think of flying principle of airplanes. Airplanes fly as a result of Bernoulli’s principle, which says that if air speeds up the pressure is lowered. A force come into existence, When symmetry of air pressure is broken. )
 

Let’s assume that elementary particles are gathered in a fluid medium which is in full symmetry. The figure on the left, bluntly shows the case. The grey medium represents the fluid and dark gray dots represent elementary particles. It is impossible to maintain full symmetry in the region where the particles are gathered. At this region, a symmetry broken and gravitation force flourishes.

Electric Charge

A In fluid mechanics, vortexes are divided into two groups as positive and negative. Let’s define clockwise vortexes as negative and counter clockwise vortexes as positive. But first, let’s remember the basic rule of the fluid mechanics: Pressure decreases as the fluid velocity increases and vice versa.

In the figure on the left, the field (current) between two parallel regions, one charged with positive the other charged with negative vortexes is shown.






In the figure on the left, a positively charged vortex passing through this field is shown. At the top of the vortex, collision of opposite flows causes pressure to increase, and at the bottom of the vortex, collision of same direction flows causes pressure to decrease. This pressure causes positively charged vortex to deviate towards negatively charged surface. And also In the figure on the right, a negativly charged vortex passing through this field is shown. At the top of the vortex, collision of same direction flows causes pressure to decrease, and at the bottom of the vortex, collision of opposite flows causes pressure to increase. This pressure causes negativly charged vortex to deviate towards positively charged surface.
 

Photon and Energy

 In the figure shown on the left side, Lamb-dipole vortex structure can be seen. Lamb-dipole is a polar vortex structure having a circular area. Half of the dipole is positively charged, and the other half is negatively charged vortex. Total circulation is equal to zero which means the total charge is zero (here, there exists an anti bonding interaction between vortexes).

As seen on the left, when a dipole passes through a field (current) it does not deviate. Symmetrical pressure increase or decrease takes place at both poles.

(Source: http://www.fluid.tue.nl/users/jos/VDG/lamb-dip.html )

In the figures on the left, step by step formation of Lamb-dipole structure is shown. The turbulence occurring between the flow (green liquid) sprayed in to the fluid and fluid medium causes the dipole vortex structure to be formed.

If we consider the energy emitted by a chemical or nuclear reaction as a free flow, the turbulence occurring between this flow and the fluid causes a photon (Lamb-dipole) to be formed.

Photons having energy greater than 1.2MeV (double electron mass, X-rays), splits into two symmetrical parts forming electron-positron couples, while passing through a magnetic field. And also, an electron-positron couple merges together and constitutes an X-ray. This shows, photons are di-polar structures like a Lamb-dipole.

Fundamentals of Physics

The concept of electric charge, established by Benjamin Franklin in 18th century, today is the fundamental characteristic defining the electromagnetic interactions of subatomic particles. The concepts of positive and negative are just a denomination to define a phenomenon. The basis of electrical charge concept is still unknown.

Newton introduced the gravity concept to the physics, suggesting that gravitation is the main force that defines the universe. Einstein had interpreted the gravity as space-time bending caused by the mass, but the meaning and formation of this bending could not be explained.

The speed of light constant c also couldn’t have been explained yet, which establishes the basis of the relativity theory.

Conclusion
 

Wave motion and vortex behavior are two features of fluids, both formed by the cumulative motion of particles. Subatomic particle properties are similar to wave motion in some ways and vortex behavior in some other. We see that the universe acts like a fluid when we combine those two phenomenon. Einstein had not considered the universe as an empty vacuum too, and suggested that space-time has a flexible texture. In other words, this article liquefies the space-time texture.

Below there are some articles including hydrodynamics equations which proof above article.

Vortex solitons: Mass, energy, and angular momentum bunching in relativistic electron-positron plasmas

http://www.ppl.k.u-tokyo.ac.jp/~tatsuno/research/papers/VortSolit-1.pdf

Hydrodynamic equation of a superconducting charge-field

Feynman Volume 3, Chapter 21-page 13

Electron fıeld solution with circular currents

http://laps.noaa.gov/albers/physics/na/

An Interpretation of the Wave Function as a Cohomological Measure of Quantum Vorticity